Research Article 
Estimating the potential population impact of stepwise screening strategies for identifying and treating individuals at high risk of Type 2 diabetes: a modelling study
P. Chamnan, R. K. Simmons, K. T. Khaw, N. J. Wareham and S. J. Griffin
Diabetic Medicine, 2012, 29(7), 893-904. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03609.x
Abstract
Background Diabetes risk assessment has been proposed as part of the National Health Service Health Checks programme, and HbA1c has recently been recommended as a diagnostic test for diabetes at a threshold of 48 mmol/mol (6.5%). We estimated the potential population impact of different stepwise screening strategies to identify individuals at high risk who might be offered preventive interventions.
Methods Using data from 5910 participants in the European Prospective Investigation of Cancer (EPIC)-Norfolk cohort with HbA1c measurements, we modelled different stepwise screening strategies for identifying and treating individuals at high risk of Type 2 diabetes using different HbA1c cut-off points with and without a stage of prestratification. For each strategy, we estimated the number needed to have a diagnostic test, the number needed to treat to prevent one new case of Type 2 diabetes, and the number of new cases that could be prevented in the population over 3 years. Relative risk reductions for estimated effects of intensive lifestyle intervention were derived from the US Diabetes Prevention Program.
Results Compared with inviting all individuals in an average primary care trust for a diagnostic test, a stepwise screening approach using simple routine data such as age and anthropometric indices could prevent a slightly lower number (lower-upper estimates) of new cases of Type 2 diabetes over 3 years (224 [130-359] and 193 [109-315] cases respectively) but would only require half the population to be invited for a diagnostic blood test. A total of 162 (88-274) cases could be prevented by inviting individuals with a Cambridge risk score of ≥ 0.15, with only 40% of the total population requiring diagnostic blood tests. Using a participant completed questionnaire for risk assessment (FINDRISC) was less effective, mainly relating to the questionnaire response rate. Providing preventive interventions to those with a lower HbA1c of 37-< 48 mmol/mol (5.5-< 6.5%) could prevent more cases but with a disproportionately higher workload, compared with using the recommended HbA1c threshold of 42-< 48 mmol/mol (6.0-< 6.5%).
Conclusions Compared with mass screening, an approach using routine data for risk stratification followed by an HbA1c test with a threshold of 42-< 48 mmol/mol (6.0-< 6.5%) for identifying individuals suitable for preventive interventions might prevent slightly fewer cases of Type 2 diabetes but with potential cost-savings.
ASCI-ID: 109-1090
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Evidence of an accelerating increase in prevalence of diagnosed Type 2 diabetes in British men, 1978-2005Diabetic Medicine, 2009, 26(8), 766-772. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02768.x
Prescription charge exemption and Type 2 diabetes mellitus - a survey of diabetologists' understandingDiabetic Medicine, 2009, 26(8), 827-828. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02764.x
Morphological comparison of small nerve fibres in gastric mucosa in non-diabetic and Type 2 diabetic subjectsDiabetic Medicine, 2009, 26(9), 943-946. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02787.x
N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide: an independent marker for coronary artery disease in asymptomatic diabetic patientsDiabetic Medicine, 2009, 26(9), 872-879. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02788.x
Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and glycaemic control in Type 2 diabetes mellitusDiabetic Medicine, 2009, 26(9), 900-907. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02798.x
Carotid intima-media thickness and apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A-I ratio in middle-aged patients with Type 2 diabetesDiabetic Medicine, 2009, 26(4), 384-390. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02693.x
The threshold for definition of impaired fasting glucose in a Japanese populationDiabetic Medicine, 2009, 26(11), 1175-1178. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02850.x
A comparison of efficacy and safety of vildagliptin and gliclazide in combination with metformin in patients with Type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin alone: a 52-week, randomized studyDiabetic Medicine, 2010, 27(3), 318-326. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.02938.x
Ramadan Education and Awareness in Diabetes (READ) programme for Muslims with Type 2 diabetes who fast during RamadanDiabetic Medicine, 2010, 27(3), 327-331. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.02948.x
Type 2 diabetes in Canada: concentration of risk among most disadvantaged men but inverse social gradient across groups in womenDiabetic Medicine, 2010, 27(5), 522-531. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.02982.x
Safety and tolerability of high doses of taspoglutide, a once-weekly human GLP-1 analogue, in diabetic patients treated with metformin: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled studyDiabetic Medicine, 2010, 27(5), 556-562. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.02990.x
First diabetes prevalence study in Portugal: PREVADIAB studyDiabetic Medicine, 2010, 27(8), 879-881. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03017.x
Perceived risk of Type 2 diabetes in Australian women with a recent history of gestational diabetes mellitusDiabetic Medicine, 2010, 27(8), 882-886. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03032.x
Painful foot drop; a presentation of diabetic muscle infarctionDiabetic Medicine, 2010, 27(8), 958-959. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03060.x
Depressive symptoms in the first year from diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes: results from the DESMOND trialDiabetic Medicine, 2010, 27(8), 965-967. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03028.x
Who attends a UK diabetes screening programme? Findings from the ADDITION-Cambridge studyDiabetic Medicine, 2010, 27(9), 995-1003. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03056.x
Safe and rapid resolution of severe hypertriglyceridaemia in two patients with intravenous insulinDiabetic Medicine, 2010, 27(9), 1080-1083. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03036.x
Metformin action on AMP-activated protein kinase: a translational research approach to understanding a potential new therapeutic targetDiabetic Medicine, 2010, 27(10), 1097-1106. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03098.x
Are there differences in cardiovascular and metabolic risk profiles among men and women with Type 2 diabetes? A cross-sectional analysisDiabetic Medicine, 2010, 27(10), 1212-1214. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03077.x
Risk equations to predict life expectancy of people with Type 2 diabetes mellitus following major complications: a study from Western AustraliaDiabetic Medicine, 2011, 28(4), 428-435. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03189.x
High sodium and low potassium intake in patients with Type 2 diabetesDiabetic Medicine, 2010, 27(12), 1401-1408. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03111.x
Association of the POU class 2 homeobox 1 gene (POU2F1) with susceptibility to Type 2 diabetes in Chinese populationsDiabetic Medicine, 2010, 27(12), 1443-1449. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03124.x
A 12-year follow-up study of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among 10 532 people newly diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes in Tayside, ScotlandDiabetic Medicine, 2010, 27(10), 1124-1129. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03075.x
Associations between leptin and the leptin / adiponectin ratio and incident Type 2 diabetes in middle-aged men and women: results from the MONICA / KORA Augsburg Study 1984-2002Diabetic Medicine, 2010, 27(9), 1004-1011. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03043.x
Dose-dependent effects of the once-daily GLP-1 receptor agonist lixisenatide in patients with Type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialDiabetic Medicine, 2010, 27(9), 1024-1032. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03020.x
Nurse-led clinics for strict hypertension control are effective long term: a 7 year follow-up studyDiabetic Medicine, 2010, 27(8), 933-937. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03039.x
One-year follow-up of untreated obese white children and adolescents with impaired glucose tolerance: high conversion rate to normal glucose toleranceDiabetic Medicine, 2010, 27(5), 516-521. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.02991.x
The relationship between self-monitored blood glucose values and glycated haemoglobin in insulin-treated patients with Type 2 diabetesDiabetic Medicine, 2010, 27(5), 589-592. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.02955.x
Daytime variability of postprandial glucose tolerance and pancreatic B-cell function using 12-h profiles in persons with Type 2 diabetesDiabetic Medicine, 2010, 27(3), 266-273. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.02949.x
External validation of QDSCORE® for predicting the 10-year risk of developing Type 2 diabetesDiabetic Medicine, 2011, 28(5), 599-607. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03237.x
Oxygen (O2) kinetics during early recovery from peak exercise in patients with Type 2 diabetesDiabetic Medicine, 2011, 28(5), 612-617. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03229.x
Obesity and Type 2 diabetes; achieving weight lossDiabetic Medicine, 2011, 28(6), 627-627. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03319.x
Bariatric surgery: an IDF statement for obese Type 2 diabetesDiabetic Medicine, 2011, 28(6), 628-642. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03306.x
The association of physical inactivity with Type 2 diabetes among different ethnic groupsDiabetic Medicine, 2011, 28(6), 668-672. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03248.x
An FTO variant is associated with Type 2 diabetes in South Asian populations after accounting for body mass index and waist circumferenceDiabetic Medicine, 2011, 28(6), 673-680. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03257.x
DURATION-2: efficacy and safety of switching from maximum daily sitagliptin or pioglitazone to once-weekly exenatideDiabetic Medicine, 2011, 28(6), 705-714. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03301.x
Patient-reported outcomes are superior in patients with Type 2 diabetes treated with liraglutide as compared with exenatide, when added to metformin, sulphonylurea or both: results from a randomized, open-label studyDiabetic Medicine, 2011, 28(6), 715-723. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03276.x
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade and urinary albumin excretion in community-based patients with Type 2 diabetes: The Fremantle Diabetes StudyDiabetic Medicine, 2011, 28(7), 849-855. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03230.x
Consensus at last? The International Diabetes Federation statement on bariatric surgery in the treatment of obese Type 2 diabetesDiabetic Medicine, 2011, 28(8), 884-885. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03354.x
Waist circumference and metabolic risk factors have separate and additive effects on the risk of future Type 2 diabetes in patients with vascular diseases. A cohort studyDiabetic Medicine, 2011, 28(8), 932-940. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03318.x
Low incidence of cardiovascular events in Japanese patients with Type 2 diabetes in primary care settings: a prospective cohort study (JDDM 20)Diabetic Medicine, 2011, 28(10), 1221-1228. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03347.x
Psychological adjustment to Type 2 diabetes and relationship qualityDiabetic Medicine, 2011, 28(4), 487-492. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03214.x
Impact of a chronic care model based on patient empowerment on the management of Type 2 diabetes: effects of the SINERGIA programmeDiabetic Medicine, 2011, 28(6), 724-730. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03253.x
Perceived challenges and priorities in co-morbidity management of older patients with Type 2 diabetesDiabetic Medicine, 2011, 28(7), 781-784. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03282.x
ROSES: role of self-monitoring of blood glucose and intensive education in patients with Type 2 diabetes not receiving insulin. A pilot randomized clinical trialDiabetic Medicine, 2011, 28(7), 789-796. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03268.x
Development and evaluation of a standardized registry for diabetes in pregnancy using data from the Northern, North West and East Anglia regional auditsDiabetic Medicine, 2011, 28(7), 797-804. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03259.x
Diabetes Medication Assistance Service Stage 1: impact and sustainability of glycaemic and lipids control in patients with Type 2 diabetesDiabetic Medicine, 2011, 28(8), 987-993. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03296.x
Evidence for a dose effect of renin-angiotensin system inhibition on progression of microalbuminuria in Type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysisDiabetic Medicine, 2011, 28(10), 1182-1187. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03341.x
Serum omentin-1 and chemerin levels are interrelated in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus with or without ischaemic heart diseaseDiabetic Medicine, 2011, 28(10), 1194-1200. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03353.x
Impact of biomarkers for endothelial dysfunction and procoagulant state on 10-year cardiovascular risk in Type 2 diabetesDiabetic Medicine, 2011, 28(10), 1201-1205. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03311.x
Experience of hypoglycaemia is associated with changes in beliefs about diabetes in patients with Type 2 diabetesDiabetic Medicine, 2011, 28(11), 1395-1400. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03340.x
" style="text-decoration:none">Efficacy and safety of linagliptin in persons with Type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled by a combination of metformin and sulphonylurea: a 24-week randomized studyDiabetic Medicine, 2011, 28(11), 1352-1361. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03387.x
Association and evolutionary studies of the melatonin receptor 1B gene (MTNR1B) in the self-contained population of Sorbs from GermanyDiabetic Medicine, 2011, 28(11), 1373-1380. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03374.x
Prevalence, awareness and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Switzerland: the CoLaus studyDiabetic Medicine, 2012, 29(2), 190-197. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03422.x
Family history of diabetes and effectiveness of lifestyle counselling on the cardio-metabolic risk profile in individuals at high risk of Type 2 diabetes: 1-year follow-up of the FIN-D2D projectDiabetic Medicine, 2012, 29(2), 207-211. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03388.x
The impact of hypoglycaemia on quality of life and related patient-reported outcomes in Type 2 diabetes: a narrative reviewDiabetic Medicine, 2012, 29(3), 293-302. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03416.x
Cost-utility analysis of liraglutide compared with sulphonylurea or sitagliptin, all as add-on to metformin monotherapy in Type 2 diabetes mellitusDiabetic Medicine, 2012, 29(3), 313-320. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03429.x
Validity of self-assessed waist circumference in a multi-ethnic UK populationDiabetic Medicine, 2012, 29(3), 404-409. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03478.x
Increased serum concentrations of adhesion molecules but not of chemokines in patients with Type 2 diabetes compared with patients with Type 1 diabetes and latent autoimmune diabetes in adult age: Action LADA 5Diabetic Medicine, 2012, 29(4), 470-478. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03546.x
Estimated morbidity and mortality in adolescents and young adults diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes mellitusDiabetic Medicine, 2012, 29(4), 453-463. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03542.x
Seasonal variations of urinary albumin creatinine ratio in Japanese subjects with Type 2 diabetes and early nephropathyDiabetic Medicine, 2012, 29(4), 506-508. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03472.x
Psychological status of Chinese patients with Type 2 diabetes: data review of Diabcare-China studiesDiabetic Medicine, 2012, 29(4), 515-521. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03436.x
Dynamic cerebral autoregulation assessed by respiratory manoeuvres in non-insulin-treated Type 2 diabetes mellitusDiabetic Medicine, 2012, 29(5), 609-613. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03497.x
Risk of acute renal failure in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitusDiabetic Medicine, 2012, 29(5), 614-621. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03498.x
C-reactive protein concentration predicts mortality in type 2 diabetes: the Diabetes Heart StudyDiabetic Medicine, 2012, 29(6), 767-770. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03560.x
Acceptance of insulin therapy: a long shot? Psychological insulin resistance in primary careDiabetic Medicine, 2012, 29(6), 796-802. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03552.x
Low glycaemic variability in subjects with Type 2 diabetes following pre-Ramadan assessment and adjustments for fastingDiabetic Medicine, 2012, 29(6), 828-829. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03632.x
Costs of diabetes; new figures for Type 1 and Type 2 diabetesDiabetic Medicine, 2012, 29(7), 835-835. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03716.x
The cost of diagnosing Type 2 diabetes mellitus by clinical opportunistic screening in general practiceDiabetic Medicine, 2012, 29(7), 863-868. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03607.x
Fasting plasma glucose 6-12 weeks after starting insulin glargine predicts likelihood of treatment success: a pooled analysisDiabetic Medicine, 2012, 29(7), 933-936. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03640.x
Blood glucose testing and primary prevention of Type 2 diabetes-evaluation of the effect of evidence-based patient information: a randomized controlled trialDiabetic Medicine, 2012, 29(8), 1011-1020. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03531.x
Effect of exposure to non-esterified fatty acid on progressive deterioration of insulin secretion in patients with Type 2 diabetes: a long-term follow-up studyDiabetic Medicine, 2012, 29(8), 980-985. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03566.x
Pedometer-determined physical activity is linked to low systemic inflammation and low arterial stiffness in Type 2 diabetesDiabetic Medicine, 2012, 29(9), 1119-1125. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03621.x
Self monitoring of glucose in Type 2 diabetes: guidelines fail to reflect evidenceDiabetic Medicine, 2012, 29(10), 1225-1225. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03654.x
Impact of body mass index on the predictive ability of body fat distribution for Type 2 diabetes risk in KoreansDiabetic Medicine, 2012, 29(11), 1395-1398. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03661.x
An analysis of the relative risk for hypothyroidism in patients with Type 2 diabetesDiabetic Medicine, 2012, 29(12), 1510-1514. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03687.x
Exenatide plus metformin compared with metformin alone on β-cell function in patients with Type 2 diabetesDiabetic Medicine, 2012, 29(12), 1515-1523. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03699.x
Intrapersonal HbA1c variability and the risk of progression of nephropathy in patients with Type 2 diabetesDiabetic Medicine, 2012, 29(12), 1562-1566. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03767.x
Skin autofluorescence and risk of micro- and macrovascular complications in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus-a multi-centre studyDiabetic Medicine, 2012, 29(12), 1556-1561. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12005
Primary prevention of Type 2 diabetes in South Asians - challenges and the way forwardDiabetic Medicine, 2013, 30(1), 26-34. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03753.x
A four-stage model explaining the higher risk of Type 2 diabetes mellitus in South Asians compared with European populationsDiabetic Medicine, 2013, 30(1), 35-42. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12016
Alcohol consumption is associated with reduced risk of Type 2 diabetes and autoimmune diabetes in adults: results from the Nord-Trondelag health studyDiabetic Medicine, 2013, 30(1), 56-64. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03713.x
Increased dietary fruit intake was associated with lower burden of carotid atherosclerosis in Chinese patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitusDiabetic Medicine, 2013, 30(1), 100-108. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03764.x
Taspoglutide, a once-weekly glucagon-like peptide 1 analogue, vs. insulin glargine titrated to target in patients with Type 2 diabetes: an open-label randomized trialDiabetic Medicine, 2013, 30(1), 109-113. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12003
Genetic variants of LPIN1 indicate an association with Type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Chinese populationDiabetic Medicine, 2013, 30(1), 118-122. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03758.x
Insulin degludec improves health-related quality of life (SF-36®) compared with insulin glargine in people with Type 2 diabetes starting on basal insulin: a meta-analysis of phase 3a trialsDiabetic Medicine, 2013, 30(2), 226-232. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12086
Banting Memorial Lecture 2012 Reversing the twin cycles of Type 2 diabetesDiabetic Medicine, 2013, 30(3), 267-275. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12039
Longitudinal association between medication adherence and glycaemic control in Type 2 diabetesDiabetic Medicine, 2013, 30(3), 338-344. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12046
Stepwise intensification of insulin therapy in Type 2 diabetes management-exploring the concept of the basal-plus approach in clinical practiceDiabetic Medicine, 2013, 30(3), 276-288. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12019
Retracted: Effects of fasting blood glucose, diabetes treatment, blood pressure and anti-hypertension treatment on cardiovascular disease incidence: a 30-year follow-up study of 740 incident patients with Type 2 diabetesDiabetic Medicine, 2013, 30(3), 349-357. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12106
Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Type 2 diabetes in developing and developed countriesDiabetic Medicine, 2013, 30(4), 387-398. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12119
Real-world factors affecting adherence to insulin therapy in patients with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic reviewDiabetic Medicine, 2013, 30(5), 512-524. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12128
Decrease of postprandial endothelial dysfunction by spice mix added to high-fat hamburger meat in men with Type 2 diabetes mellitusDiabetic Medicine, 2013, 30(5), 590-595. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12120
The needs, concerns, and characteristics of younger Australian adults with Type 2 diabetesDiabetic Medicine, 2013, 30(5), 620-626. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12078
The effect of vildagliptin therapy on atherogenic postprandial remnant particles and LDL particle size in subjects with Type 2 diabetesDiabetic Medicine, 2013, 30(6), 756-757. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12094
Systematic review of the development, implementation and availability of smart-phone applications for assessing Type 2 diabetes riskDiabetic Medicine, 2013, 30(6), 758-760. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12115
A risk-adjusted economic evaluation of alternative models of involvement of practice nurses in management of type 2 diabetesDiabetic Medicine, 2013, 30(7), 855-863. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12195
Medical strategies to reduce amputation in patients with Type 2 diabetesDiabetic Medicine, 2013, 30(8), 893-900. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12169
Non-linear association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and the incidence of Type 2 diabetes: a community-based nested case-control studyDiabetic Medicine, 2013, 30(8), 934-938. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12180
Preventing Type 2 diabetes after gestational diabetes: women's experiences and implications for diabetes prevention interventionsDiabetic Medicine, 2013, 30(8), 986-993. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12206
Objective measurements of activity patterns in people with newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes demonstrate a sedentary lifestyleDiabetic Medicine, 2013, 30(9), 1063-1066. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12199
Relative contributions of insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction to the development of Type 2 diabetes in KoreansDiabetic Medicine, 2013, 30(9), 1075-1079. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12201
Enhanced carbohydrate craving in patients with poorly controlled Type 2 diabetes mellitusDiabetic Medicine, 2013, 30(9), 1080-1086. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12209
Model of care for the management of complex Type 2 diabetes managed in the community by primary care physicians with specialist support: an open controlled trialDiabetic Medicine, 2013, 30(9), 1112-1121. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12251
Projection of the burden of Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Germany: a demographic modelling approach to estimate the direct medical excess costs from 2010 to 2040Diabetic Medicine, 2013, 30(8), 999-1008. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12177
Trends in selection and timing of first-line pharmacotherapy in older patients with Type 2 diabetes diagnosed between 1994 and 2006Diabetic Medicine, 2013, 30(10), 1209-1213. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12214
Investigation of known estimated glomerular filtration rate loci in patients with Type 2 diabetesDiabetic Medicine, 2013, 30(10), 1230-1235. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12211
A randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled trial of 6 weeks benfotiamine treatment on postprandial vascular function and variables of autonomic nerve function in Type 2 diabetesDiabetic Medicine, 2013, 30(10), 1204-1208. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12240
Comparison of insulin degludec with insulin glargine in insulin-naive subjects with Type 2 diabetes: a 2-year randomized, treat-to-target trialDiabetic Medicine, 2013, 30(11), 1298-1304. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12303
A randomized crossover study to assess the effect of an oat-rich diet on glycaemic control, plasma lipids and postprandial glycaemia, inflammation and oxidative stress in Type 2 diabetesDiabetic Medicine, 2013, 30(11), 1314-1323. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12228
Urinary C-peptide creatinine ratio detects absolute insulin deficiency in Type 2 diabetesDiabetic Medicine, 2013, 30(11), 1342-1348. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12222
Relationship between HbA1c and risk of all-cause hospital admissions among people with Type 2 diabetesDiabetic Medicine, 2013, 30(12), 1407-1411. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12235
The use of technology to promote physical activity in Type 2 diabetes management: a systematic reviewDiabetic Medicine, 2013, 30(12), 1420-1432. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12289
Prevalence of Type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes among overweight or obese children in Tianjin, ChinaDiabetic Medicine, 2013, 30(12), 1457-1465. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12269
Long-term 4-year safety of saxagliptin in drug-naive and metformin-treated patients with Type 2 diabetesDiabetic Medicine, 2013, 30(12), 1472-1476. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12267
Role of proximal gut exclusion from food on glucose homeostasis in patients with Type 2 diabetesDiabetic Medicine, 2013, 30(12), 1482-1486. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12268
Magnesium intake decreases Type 2 diabetes risk through the improvement of insulin resistance and inflammation: the Hisayama StudyDiabetic Medicine, 2013, 30(12), 1487-1494. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12250
Colesevelam for Type 2 diabetes mellitus: an abridged Cochrane reviewDiabetic Medicine, 2014, 31(1), 2-14. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12295
Waist circumference is genetically correlated with incident Type 2 diabetes in Mexican-American familiesDiabetic Medicine, 2014, 31(1), 31-35. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12266
The optimal morning:evening ratio in total dose of twice-daily biphasic insulin analogue in poorly controlled Type 2 diabetes: a 24-week multi-centre prospective, randomized controlled, open-labelled clinical studyDiabetic Medicine, 2014, 31(1), 68-75. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12322
Is it possible to develop a ‘one-size fits all’ prediction model for undiagnosed Type 2 diabetes?Diabetic Medicine, 2014, 31(1), 116-117. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12292
Social patterning in knowledge following an informed choice invitation for Type 2 diabetes screeningDiabetic Medicine, 2014, 31(4), 504-508. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12334
Increased intestinal permeability to oral chromium (51Cr) -EDTA in human Type 2 diabetesDiabetic Medicine, 2014, 31(5), 559-563. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12360
The relationship between metformin therapy and sleep quantity and quality in patients with Type 2 diabetes referred for potential sleep disordersDiabetic Medicine, 2014, 31(5), 577-580. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12362
The association between BMI and hospitalization for heart failure in 83 021 persons with Type 2 diabetes: a population-based study from the Swedish National Diabetes RegistryDiabetic Medicine, 2014, 31(5), 586-594. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12340
Improving quality of care in people with Type 2 diabetes through the Associazione Medici Diabetologi-annals initiative: a long-term cost-effectiveness analysisDiabetic Medicine, 2014, 31(5), 615-623. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12366
Incidence of Type 2 diabetes among occupational classes in Sweden: a 35-year follow-up cohort study in middle-aged menDiabetic Medicine, 2014, 31(6), 674-680. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12405
Association of fasting glucose with subclinical cerebrovascular disease in older adults without Type 2 diabetesDiabetic Medicine, 2014, 31(6), 691-698. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12385
Erectile dysfunction is a strong predictor of poor quality of life in men with Type 2 diabetes mellitusDiabetic Medicine, 2014, 31(6), 699-706. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12412
Predicting cognitive ability in ageing cohorts using Type 2 diabetes genetic riskDiabetic Medicine, 2014, 31(6), 714-720. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12389
Serum selenium in relation to measures of glucose metabolism and incidence of Type 2 diabetes in an older Swedish populationDiabetic Medicine, 2014, 31(7), 787-793. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12429
Type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity in young adults: the extreme phenotype with early cardiovascular dysfunctionDiabetic Medicine, 2014, 31(7), 794-798. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12431
Short- and long-term effects of real-time medication monitoring with short message service (SMS) reminders for missed doses on the refill adherence of people with Type 2 diabetes: evidence from a randomized controlled trialDiabetic Medicine, 2014, 31(7), 821-828. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12439
Performance of formulas for estimating glomerular filtration rate in Indigenous Australians with and without Type 2 diabetes: the eGFR StudyDiabetic Medicine, 2014, 31(7), 829-838. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12426
New American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association cholesterol treatment guidelines: subjects with Type 2 diabetes are under treated with high-intensity statinsDiabetic Medicine, 2014, 31(7), 879-880. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12420
Colesevelam for Type 2 diabetes mellitus: an abridged Cochrane reviewDiabetic Medicine, 2014, 31(7), 880-880. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12424
Physical activity in Type 2 diabetes: have we got it correct?Diabetic Medicine, 2014, 31(8), 885-885. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12526
Association of physical activity with glycaemic control and cardiovascular risk profile in 65 666 people with Type 2 diabetes from Germany and AustriaDiabetic Medicine, 2014, 31(8), 905-912. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12438
Cardiovascular risk profiles in relation to newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes diagnosed by either glucose or HbA1c criteria in Chinese adults in Qingdao, ChinaDiabetic Medicine, 2014, 31(8), 920-926. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12498
Predicting mortality in people with Type 2 diabetes mellitus after major complications: a study using Swedish National Diabetes Register dataDiabetic Medicine, 2014, 31(8), 954-962. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12468
Sex-specific effects of naturally occurring variants in the dopamine receptor D2 locus on insulin secretion and Type 2 diabetes susceptibilityDiabetic Medicine, 2014, 31(8), 1001-1008. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12464
Hepatic steatosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease are not associated with decline in renal function in people with Type 2 diabetesDiabetic Medicine, 2014, 31(9), 1039-1046. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12456
Effects of fasting blood glucose levels and blood pressure and treatment of diabetes and hypertension on the incidence of cardiovascular disease: a study of 740 patients with incident Type 2 diabetes with up to 30 years' follow-upDiabetic Medicine, 2014, 31(9), 1055-1063. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12514
Urine and plasma metabolites predict the development of diabetic nephropathy in individuals with Type 2 diabetes mellitusDiabetic Medicine, 2014, 31(9), 1138-1147. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12447
The influence of sex on renal function decline in people with Type 2 diabetesDiabetic Medicine, 2014, 31(9), 1121-1128. DOI: 10.1111/dme.12478