Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2003, 1(1), 53-56.
The group conflicts (between countries, races, religions, etc), and other bizarre behaviours that created a painful morass for humans living on planet Earth, were products of a neural mechanism for group conflict. The mechanism also prevented most humans from knowing of its presence, so that the human condition was to suffer without understanding. The movement out of the morass started with the realization that the neural mechanism was present and that it was a counteradaptive vestige.
ASCI-ID: 165-6
Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2003, 1(1), 1-9.
Russian Federation (RF) and European Union ( EU ) : Changing Concepts after the Cold War Era and New Political RelationsPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2003, 1(1), 10-20.
Evaluation of Different Bio-chemical Amendments for the Reclamation of Saline Sodic Soils and Sustainable ProductionPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2003, 1(1), 21-22.
Prosperity and Prospects of Borderless Economy for PakistanPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2003, 1(1), 23-49.
Socio-economic Condition of Tobacco Industry Labour Family at Haragass, Rangpur, BangladeshPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2003, 1(1), 50-52.
New Organisational Developments for Primary Healthcare in the United KingdomPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2003, 1(2), 57-64.
A New Direction for Juvenile Justice Policy in the 21st Century: The Application of Differential Oppression TheoryPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2003, 1(2), 65-69.
Role of Sir Muhammad Shafi in Muslim PoliticsPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2003, 1(2), 70-73.
Professional Development in Public AdministrationPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2003, 1(2), 74-79.
The Digital Divide and IndiaPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2003, 1(2), 80-120.
Contraception and Factors Affecting its Effectiveness (A Review)Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2003, 1(2), 121-128.
The Contribution of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises to Development Linkages between Individual Opportunities, work Culture and Social Milieu with Reference to IndiaPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2003, 1(2), 129-141.
The Quaid-i-Azam`s Role During Congress Rule (1937-1939)Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2003, 1(3), 142-147.
Farmer`s Income from Production and Financial AssetsPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2003, 1(3), 148-149.
Youth Violence in AmericaPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2003, 1(3), 150-159.
Why Companies Comply on a Voluntary Basis with International Accounting Standards (IAS): European Evidence on Firm CharacteristicsPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2003, 1(3), 160-172.
Auditor Independence in MalaysiaPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2003, 1(3), 173-177.
Social Work Practice with Pakistani-American Families: The Implications of Spirituality vis-?-vis IslamPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2003, 1(3), 178-182.
Impact of Socioeconomic Condition and Depth and Duration of Flooding on Housing Damage: Experience from Flood 1998 in an Urban Area of BangladeshPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2003, 1(3), 183-189.
Perception of Rural Females Towards Marriage Practices: A Case Study in Tehsil ChakwalPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2003, 1(3), 190-194.
The Role of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan Towards Making of PakistanPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2003, 1(3), 195-199.
A Sociological Study of Changing Trends in Religious InstitutionPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2003, 1(3), 200-203.
Impact of Social Forestry Programme in Rural Punjab: A Case Study in District FaisalabadPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2003, 1(3), 204-206.
Strategies for Understanding Other People: Lessons From Social TheoryPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2003, 1(4), 207-217.
Representational and Conceptual Complexities in doing Research on Coping in Children with HIV/AIDSPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2003, 1(4), 218-223.
Some Pragmatic Changes to Primary Science Education Development in the South PacificPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2003, 1(4), 224-230.
Darwin`s Theory of Evolution and the Morality of NaturePakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2003, 1(4), 231-233.
How Western Criminologists Explain Female Delinquency: A Historical and Contemporary ReviewPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2003, 1(4), 234-243.
Career Criminality and Genius: Anomalies of the Human ConditionPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2003, 1(4), 244-255.
Rules and Regulations Influencing the Published Annual Accounts of Listed Companies in Bangladesh – An Evaluative StudyPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2003, 1(4), 256-266.
Efficiency measurement of Commercial Banks by Data Envelopment Analysis Model - A Case of Mercantile Bank LimitedPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2003, 1(4), 267-272.
The Role of Japan Towards the Independence of BangladeshPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2003, 1(4), 273-277.
The Effect of Interpersonal Relations on Commitment: A Study of Friendship and Friendly Relations in Development TeamsPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2003, 1(4), 278-285.
Financial Instruments: Measurement, Presentation and Accounting for Derivatives with Special Reference to IASs-32& 39Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(1), 1-10.
Diversification of Export Base and Getting Competitiveness in Ready-made Garments: An Empirical Study under Bangladesh ContextPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(1), 11-16.
Psychosocial Competence of Children with Disabilities in the Inclusive Environment of Southern Mindanao, PhilippinesPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(1), 17-22.
Population Aging and Health Issues in the Changing Socio-Demographic Context of BangladeshPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(1), 23-32.
Ecotourism Development in Bangladesh: An OverviewPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(1), 33-39.
Concept & Establishment of Ombudsman Institution for Bangladesh: An OverviewPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(1), 40-45.
Assessment In vitro of the Effect of a Chayotte (Sechium edule) Extract (decoct) on the Morphology of Red Blood Cells and on the Labeling of Blood Elements with Techetium-99MPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(1), 46-54.
Gender and Advertising in Botswana – Part 1Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(1), 55-64.
Intergroup Processes and ManagementPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(1), 65-69.
HIV/AIDS and Women: A Gender Perspective Analysis With Special Reference To BangladeshPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(2), 70-77.
Reproductive Rights of Women in Bangladesh:An Analysis from the Perspectives of the Status of Safe MotherhoodPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(2), 78-90.
Application of the Space-time Concept: A Study of Pedestrians and Vehicles Interaction Along Arterial RoadPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(2), 91-96.
Globalization-Economic, Legal and Institutional Aspects in the Light of Developing CountriesPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(2), 97-103.
Foreign Aid to Developing Countries an Analytical Profile of BangladeshPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(2), 104-112.
Competitive Factors Influencing Outcome of Negotiation A Classic Case about Pepsi Co. in IndiaPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(2), 113-121.
Heterogeneity and Efficiency in a Coastal Fishery: The Case of the Artisanal Fishery in Al-Batinah Region, Sultanate of OmanPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(2), 122-126.
Latent Research and Innovation in Russian Technical Universities Attempt of Identification and EstimationPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(2), 127-133.
Population Growth and Economic Development in the Arab Gulf Countries: Economic Analysis and Future ProspectivePakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(2), 134-139.
The Web and a Sense of Home for Overseas Chinese Students in AmericaPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(2), 140-142.
Traditionalism in the Family and Technological Change: A Case Study in FaisalabadPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(3), 143-145.
The Perception and Strategies of Progressive Farmers on Improved Irrigation MethodsPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(3), 146-151.
Parents Perception about Female Education: A Case Study in District JehlumPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(3), 152-155.
Agro-Econimic and Social Impact Assessment of Improved Watercourses by Scarp-III (A Case Study of District Sargodha)Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(3), 156-161.
Socio-Economic Analysis of Tsetse Control Experiments in The Central River Division, The Gambia: Impacts and Farmers` PerceptionsPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(3), 162-170.
Applying Information Entropy to Decide the Sample Amount and Content in Contingent Valuation SurveyPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(3), 171-175.
A Sociological Study of Human Migration and Institutional Structural Change: A Case Study of Faisalabad CityPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(3), 182-186.
A Sociological Study of Human Health and Migration Plan: A Case Study of District FaisalabadPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(3), 187-190.
Participation of Females and their Attitude Towards Migrational Adjustment: A Case Study in Tehsil FaisalabadPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(3), 191-195.
A Study on Small Business Enterprises in Bangladesh- Searching for Growth Factors and ObstaclesPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(3), 196-204.
Human Behavior Towards Migration PlanningPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(3), 205-210.
Evaluating Farmers` Willingness to Adopt Integrated Packages for Trypanosomosis Control in The Gambia: Application of Demand Revealing MechanismsPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(3), 211-220.
Ecofeminism and Ecofeminist MovementPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(3), 221-228.
Capitalism and Environmentalism in North-South RelationsPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(3), 229-235.
What Do Teachers And Students Hope For Foreing Language Education In Manisa In Turkey?Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(3), 236-244.
Global Environmental Issues and Sustainable Development in the New MillenniumPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(3), 245-250.
Environmental Historical MaterialismPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(3), 251-255.
Political Economy of Global WarmingPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(3), 256-261.
Middle-East Crisis: An Overview in Bangladesh, Pakistan and Indian PerspectivePakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(3), 262-265.
Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life: Hindus and Muslims in IndiaPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(3), 266-267.
Mental Health and Individualistic – Collectivistic Values Among Different Ethnic Groups of ManipurPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(4), 268-272.
Human Resource Development in Bangladesh: A Present Scenario and ProspectsPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(4), 273-278.
Population _ Environment Relationships in Developing Countries: Views and ApproachesPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(4), 279-286.
Devaluation-led Supply Shift: The Case of Washing Soap IndustryPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(4), 287-290.
Socio-Economic Characteristics of African Locust Bean Producers in South West NigeriaPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(4), 291-294.
The Search for an Economic Integration Between GCC and D-8 Countries: An Experience from European UnionPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(4), 295-303.
The Development and the Importance of the Health ExpendituresPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(4), 304-310.
Globalisation, Transnational Corporation and Developing Countries- Looking for a ModelPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(4), 311-314.
Rehabilitation of Physically Handicapped Children and Parents RolePakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(4), 315-319.
Integrated Development Approach for Poverty ReductionPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(4), 320-325.
Levels of Achievements of Accelerated and Non – Accelerated Mentally Gifted ChildrenPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(4), 326-335.
Quota System for Women Civil Servants in BangladeshPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(4), 336-345.
Unmet Contraceptive Need for Birth Spacing and Birth Limiting in Bangladesh: The Experience from Demographic and Health Surveys 1996-`97 and 1999-2000Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(4), 336-344.
The Comparative Analysis of Institutionalization in Traffic ServicesPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(4), 345-355.
Organized Crime: A Study of District Jail Faisalabad, PakistanPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(4), 356-358.
Oslo to the Road Map Peace Plan: The Future of Palestine StatehoodPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(4), 359-365.
Problems of Aged People: A Study on People of Faisalabad, PakistanPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(4), 366-368.
Corporate Earnings, Taxes and Common Stock Prices: Implications for EmpiricistsPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(4), 369-378.
Managerial Efficiency - A Study on Application of Operations Research in BangladeshPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(4), 379-384.
Hospital Cost and Quality of Health Care in BotswanaPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(4), 385-390.
Women Civil Servants Participation in Public Policy in BangladeshPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(4), 391-408.
Good Governance in Bangladesh: Problems and MeasuresPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(4), 409-418.
Utilitarianism and Animal Ethics: An OverviewPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(4), 419-423.
From Mediated to Simulated InteractionPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(4), 424-431.
National Action Programme for Draught Mitigation and Environmental Management: Experience From Barind Multiple Development Authority (BMDA), BangladeshPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004, 2(4), 432-439.
Relative Effectiveness of Monetary and Fiscal Policies in Bangladesh EconomyPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(1), 1-6.
Urban Women Entrepreneurship Development in Bangladesh: A Study on some Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in City AreasPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(1), 7-16.
Government Expenditures on Social Services: How far has the Poor Benefited in Swaziland?Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(1), 17-25.
The Personality of Journalists in BangladeshPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(1), 26-31.
A Study of Attitude of the Two Age Catagories of Rural Females Towards Traditions and Customes of MarriagePakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(1), 32-34.
Further International Evidence on the Effect of Private Investment, Economic Freedom and Openness on Economic GrowthPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(1), 35-42.
Business Plans for Continuing EducationPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(1), 43-48.
Fertility Trends in South Asian CountriesPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(1), 49-55.
Gender Roles of Rural Women in Small Districts of Adana Province, TurkeyPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(1), 56-61.
Aging in Bangladesh and its Population ProjectionsPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(1), 62-67.
Paradox of Developing Country Foreign Direct Investments: A Case of the South Korean Electronics IndustryPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(1), 68-74.
Strategic Factors in International Location Decision: An Empirical Analysis on Changing World ContextPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(1), 75-83.
Impacts of Poor Productivity on Profitability-A Comparative Analysis on Selected Public and Private Sector Manufacturing Enterprises in BangladeshPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(1), 84-99.
Women Entrepreneurship Development - A Case Study of Some Women Entrepreneurs in ChittagongPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(1), 100-108.
Adolescent Fertility in BangladeshPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(1), 109-116.
Individual and Neighborhood Influences on Intercaste MarriagePakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(1), 117-123.
Social Capital: A Multidimensional Approach of Socioeconomic DevelopmentPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(1), 124-128.
Entrepreneurship Development in Transport Sector of Bangladesh: A Study on Chittagong CityPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(1), 129-133.
Volume of Trading Around Public Announcement: Hypothetical ApproachesPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(1), 134-144.
Export and Industrial Development in Bangladesh: An Econometric Investigation for Two Way CausationPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(1), 145-151.
Private Investment and Economic Growth in Bangladesh: An Empirical InvestigationPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(1), 152-156.
Test of Two-Way Causation Between Export and Economic Growth: An Empirical Evidence of Bangladesh EconomyPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(1), 157-165.
Wealth Management Strategies in the Era of E-commercePakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(1), 166-174.
Structural Changes in Land Use and Rural Livelihoods of BangladeshPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(1), 175-181.
Innovation in Distribution: A Sustainable Network System in the Competitive Market PlacePakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(1), 182-188.
The Challenges of Good Governance: A View from BangladeshPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(1), 189-196.
From Public Administration to New Public Management: An AnalysisPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(1), 197-204.
Elephant-Facilitated Psychotherapy – A Clinical EvaluationPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(1), 205-209.
Rural Development in Bangladesh: Concepts, Dimensions and SignificancePakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(1), 210-215.
Water Resources Management and Rehabilitation in ChinaPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(2), 216-224.
Problems of Dry Land Development and Use in ChinaPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(2), 225-234.
Impact of MFA Phase out on Developing Countries: A case study of Bangladesh Textile and Clothing SectorPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(2), 235-240.
Integrated Catchment Management in Arid Countries A Case Study: Wadi Al-Ayn Catchment, Northern OmanPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(2), 241-248.
Share of Children in Annual Development Program A Case with BangladeshPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(2), 249-254.
Life and Livelihood Means in Char-Land Areas of Bangladesh A Study on Urir Char of Bay of BengalPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(2), 255-259.
Effect of Introduction of User Charges on Health Care in the Public Facilities: Evidences from Some Selected Countries Including BangladeshPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(2), 260-268.
Gender Imbalance in Agricultural Training A Case Study of BotswanaPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(2), 269-272.
Level of Gender Inequity in Health, Nutrition and Education Status in BangladeshPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(2), 273-278.
Level, Trends and Differentials of Fecundability among Bangladeshi WomenPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(2), 279-286.
Assessing Role of Small Businesses on Societal Progress and Poverty Alleviation-Bangladesh PerspectivePakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(2), 287-291.
On Balanced Systematic Sampling and Modified Systematic SamplingPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(2), 292-296.
Trends and Traditions of Anthropological ModelPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(2), 297-301.
Social Mobilization and Economic Empowerment of Women: A Study in Selected Areas of AJKPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(2), 302-308.
Nature Of Portfolio Investment Made By The Nonresidents- An Empirical Study Under Bangladesh ContextPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(2), 309-313.
Institutional framework of NGOs in rural poverty alleviation: Bangladesh PerspectivesPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(2), 314-321.
Recent Issues of Foreign Direct Investment in LDCs: A Case Study of BangladeshPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(2), 322-334.
Mortality Transition in South Asian CountriesPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(2), 335-341.
Study the Differentials, Patterns and Trends of Life Table Surviving Functions (lx) of BangladeshPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(2), 342-346.
Estimation of Aggregate Import Demand Function for BangladeshPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(2), 347-352.
The Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord of 1997 and its AftermathPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(2), 353-359.
Socio-Economic and Psychological Factors of Human Migrants: A Case Study in FaisalabadPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(2), 360-363.
A Sociological Study of Achievement and Motivation of Rural Migrants, A Case Study in Faisalabad CityPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(2), 364-367.
Socio-Cultural Factors Influencing Mothers` Attitude Towards Their Daughters` Education in Rural FaisalabadPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(2), 368-370.
A Sociological Study of the Female Students About Their Aspirations Towards Education (A Case Study of Faisalabad Colleges)Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(2), 371-374.
By Giving Emphasis on Fish Sector Would Be the Key for Export Marketing in BangladeshPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(2), 375-382.
Corporate Governance and its Implication in BangladeshPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(2), 383-387.
Knowledge Management in the Intelligent OrganizationPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(2), 388-393.
A Quest for Establishing Relationships Between Age and Job PerformancePakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(2), 394-399.
X-Efficiency Analysis of Problem Banks of Bangladesh Mst. DilrubaPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(3), 521-525.
E- Banking: An Emerging Issue of Developing Country Like BangladeshPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(3), 526-529.
Necessity of Private Sector Involvement in the Development of Eco-tourism: The Case of BangladeshPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(3), 530-533.
Censors of Iranian Press Materials During Constitution Movement 1905- 1907Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(4), 665-670.
Environmental Issues in Bangladesh: An OverviewPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(4), 671-679.
Security Concerns of Turkey-Cold War and Post-cold War PeriodsPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(5), 823-837.
Human Rights and Good Governance: A Quest for Measuring The Status of Good Governance at The Stake of Violation of Human Rights in BangladeshPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2005, 3(9), 1117-1122.
Car Use in Akure, NigeriaPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2007, 4(1), 56-63.
Thematic Progression in Christian Written Discourse in NigeriaPakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2007, 4(1), 64-68.
Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 2008, 5(2), 165-172.